Fig. 2
From: Mesenchymal stem cells: amazing remedies for bone and cartilage defects
Schematic summarizing the mechanisms of repairing bone by MSCs. The figure was designed using the web-based tool BioRender. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) contribute to bone regeneration by several mechanisms including migration, angiogenesis, response to inflammation condition, and differentiation through production of a variety of mediators. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-α (HIF-1α), stem cell factor (SCF), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF), stromal cell-derived factor (SDF)-1, and CXC chemokine receptor (CXCR) 4, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF-AA), platelet-derived growth factor receptor-alpha (PDGFRα), Toll-like receptors (TLRs), nitric oxide (NO), indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), regulatory T cell (T reg), nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT-3), interferon gamma (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), monocyte chemoattractant proteins-1 (MCP-1), macrophage inflammatory protein-1(MIP-1), Dickkopf 1(DKK1), runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), M2 type of macrophage (M2MQ)