Table 1 Effect of growth factors on lung structure and function

BMP-4

↓ proliferation of the lung endoderm; inhibited outgrowth [31]

Fetal mouse lung explant

↑ parabronchial smooth muscle cell differentiation [32]

Embryonic mouse lung explant

EGF

↓ ENaC activity; Na,K-ATPase activity unchanged [33]

Adult mouse collecting duct

↑ fetal pulmonary epithelial cell growth [34]

Fetal rabbit

↓ branching in EGF-R deficient lungs [35]

Neonatal mouse lung

↑ lung growth in hypoplastic lungs [36]

Fetal rabbit lung

FGF-10

Maintained alveolar epithelial cell proliferation [37]

Neonatal mouse lung

Directed bipotent progenitors towards ATII lineage [38]

Neonatal rat lung

↑ (short-term) Na,K-ATPase activity [39]

A549 cells

↑ outgrowth of the lung epithelium [31]

Fetal mouse lung explant

HGF

involved in septal formation [40]

Mouse embryonic lung

↓ ENaC activity [41]

Nasal epithelial cells

↑ growth and lumen formation [42]

Fetal mouse alveolar epithelial cells

↑ epithelial integrity (R_te) [43]

CFBE41o cells

KGF

↑ surfactant gene expression [44]

Fetal rat alveolar epithelial cells

↑ epithelial cell proliferation in the airway and alveoli [45]

Adult rat alveolar epithelial cells

↑ AFC [46]

Adult rat alveolar epithelial cells

↑ Na,K-ATPase; ↓ ENaC mRNA expression [47]

Adult rat alveolar epithelial cells

PDGF

alveolar myofibroblast differentiation & alveogenesis [48]

PDGF-A mutant mice

↑ growth of mesenchymal cells during lung development [49]

Mice overexpressing PDGF-A

↓ lung branching [50]

Embryonic mouse lung

↑ ENaC internalization [6]

Mouse lung epithelial & A549 cells

↑ alveolar epithelial to mesenchymal transition [51]

A549 cells

VEGF

↑ surfactant protein production [52]

Adult rat alveolar epithelial cells

↑ lung angiogenesis [53]

Neonatal rat lung

↑ growth of the distal airway epithelial cells [54]

Human fetal lung explant

↑ SFTP-B-positive cell number in the airway epithelium [55]

Fetal sheep lung