Fig. 5

GSK-J4 treatment suppresses osteogenesis and prevents coronal suture fusion and bone formation of Twist-1^del/+ mice. a Representative images of the stained Twist-1^del/+ calvarial explants treated with BMP2 for 10 days in the presence of either 1 and 2 μM of GSK-J4 or 0.1% of DMSO vehicle control, then stained with Masson’s. The blue stain depicts the mineralized bone and the red stain depicts unmineralized osteoid, scale bar = 100 μm. Images captured at ×400 magnification. Histomorphometric analysis of b mineralized bone formed and c bone thickness of treated calvarial explants (*p < 0.05, one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons, n = 5–7 Twist-1^del/+ mice/treatment group). d Representative images of Masson’s trichome-stained coronal sutures of 20-day-old Twist-1^del/+ mice following local implantation of CollaCote sponge carriers containing either 2 μM GSK-J4 or 0.1% DMSO at postnatal day 8, scale bar = 100 μm. Images captured at ×100 magnification. Histomorphometric analysis of e mineralized bone formed and f cortical bone thickness of locally treated coronal sutures (*p < 0.05, one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons, n = 5–6 Twist-1^del/+ mice/treatment group)