Fig. 4

The influences of radial shockwave on the multidifferentiation of SCB-SPCs. a ALP and Von Kossa staining indicated that radial shockwave had no significant influence on the osteogenic capacity of SCB-SPCs. Oil Red O staining showed that few positive intracytoplasmic lipid droplets accumulated in radial shockwave-treated SCB-SPCs, and adipogenesis was suppressed by radial shockwave. For chondrogenic potentiality, the treated SCB-SPCs mildly increased, while the change was not significant (n = 5, with each 3 technical repeats). Scale bars represent 500 μm (ALP and von Kossa staining), 100 μm (Oil Red O staining), and 200 μm (chondrogenic-related staining). b The influences of r-ESW on SCB-SPC tridifferentiation were further validated by the mRNA expression level. Runx2 and OCN for osteogenesis, CEBPα and PPARγ for adipogenesis, Sox9 and Col II for chondrogenesis (n = 5, with each 3 technical repeats). The results were consistent with the staining outcomes. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ns, not significant