Fig. 3

Effects of 3D cell culture on MSC-properties relevant for bone regeneration. a Advantages and drawbacks of 3D cell culture compared to traditional 2D cell cultivation. Advantages are highlighted in green, drawbacks in red. b 3D cell culture increases osteogenic differentiation potential of MSCs and decreases their cellular senescence. In addition, both anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory potential of MSCs seems to be increased under 3D conditions. In contrast, the effects of 3D cell culture on cell viability and proliferation are dependent on the nature of the 3D cell culture and the cell density