Fig. 4
From: Different approaches for transformation of mesenchymal stem cells into hepatocyte-like cells
In vitro hepatic differentiation pattern. Hepatocytes can be differentiated from ES cells in vitro by mimicking the developmental processes of liver formation. Stepwise differentiation (ES cells → DE → hepatoblasts → immature hepatocytes → mature hepatocytes) adopted from liver developmental processes was applied to produce in vitro HLCs. EGF epidermal growth factor, EGFR epidermal growth factor receptor, ERK1/2 extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 1/2, FGF fibroblast growth factor, HGF hepatocyte growth factor, ITS insulin-transferrin-selenium, MAPK mitogen-activated protein kinase, OSM oncostatin M, PI3K phosphoinositide 3-kinase, NTA nicotinamide, ActA Activin A, BMP bone morphogenetic protein