Fig. 3

Effect of topographically induced CM on chondrogenesis (a, b), migration (c), and proliferation (d, e) of chondrocytes and MSCs. a Real-time PCR analysis of chondrogenic markers expression after 7 days of chondrogenic re-differentiation. b Quantification of cartilaginous ECM macromolecules after 14 (chondrocytes) and 21 days (MSCs) of differentiation. c Chondrocyte and MSC migration were assessed by transwell migration assay. Scale bar = 100 μm. d Quantification of chondrocyte and MSC proliferation and e total cellular DNA content. All data represent the mean ± SD, n = 6, from 3 independent experiments. ^ denotes p < 0.05 compared to control / negative control; # denotes p < 0.05 compared to positive control; * denotes p < 0.05 compared to TCM; ŧ denotes p < 0.05 compared to ACM