Fig. 5

Fold change in protein level at 1 week post-intrathecal injections of MSCs. Patients with ALS received an intrathecal injection of either 1 × 10⁷, 5 × 10⁷, or 10 × 10⁷ autologous adipose-derived MSCs (n = 4, 10, and 5, respectively), and CSF samples were collected before MSC injection and at 1 week post-injection. The fold change of each factor was calculated for each patient, and the mean fold change ± standard deviations are plotted. The Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn’s test to correct for multiple comparisons were performed to determine statistical significance (* indicates p < 0.05; ** indicates p < 0.01)