Fig. 7

The therapeutic potential of hpMSC-derived exosomes in SCI recovery and underlying mechanisms (modified from reference [36]). hpMSC-derived exosomes were obtained from hpMSCs through ultracentrifugation. Exosomes stimulated the proliferation of NPCs via activation of MEK/ERK/CREB phosphorylation in vitro which is likely to be mediating their promoting effect on the proliferation of endogenous NPCs and differentiation into matured neurons leading to the functional recovery of SCI observed in vivo