Fig. 1

The effect of low-dose IL-34 on viability and osteoblastogenesis in hBMSCs. a A CCK-8 was used to examine the viability after cells cultured with low-dose IL-34 for 1, 3, 5, and 7 days. b–f The expression of RUNX2 and COL1A1 proteins were evaluated by Western blotting analysis after osteogenic differentiation for 3 and 7 days. g–l The expression of RUNX2, COL1A1, OCN, ALP, SP7, and OPN mRNA was determined by qRT-PCR on days 3 and 7 after osteogenic differentiation. m, o ALP staining and ALP activity were performed after osteogenic differentiation for 3 days. n, p ARS and ARS absorbance were performed after osteogenic differentiation for 12 days. All of the experiments were independently accomplished no less than three times. Data are means ± SD. ^**P < 0.05 vs. the control group on day 1, ^*P < 0.05 vs. the control group on day 3, ^##P < 0.05 vs. the control group on day 5, ^#P < 0.05 vs. the control group on day 7, ^@P < 0.05 vs. the control group on day 12, ^$P < 0.05 vs. the 1 day group at the same concentration, ^&P < 0.05 vs. the 3 days group at the same concentration. Scale bars, 500 μm