Fig. 2

Isolation, engineering, expansion, and administration of CAR-T cells in MM. CAR-T cells from patients with MM are usually produced from autologous T cells collected through leukapheresis (Stage 1). Allogeneic donor or cell lines can be used apart from the autologous T cells (11). γδ T cells, NKT, and NK are applicable as alternative lymphocyte subsets to generate CAR-T cells. The next step performs in ex vivo which the cells are directed to be expanded (stage 2) and are loaded with a vector-encoding CAR gene (stage 3). Non-viral methods such as electroporation or sleeping-beauty can be done. IV injection of CAR-loaded T cells into the patients who usually receive chemotherapy before the lymphatic injection is the next step (step 4). Various MM antigens as CAR-T cells’ targets have been shown