Fig. 1

Identification and isolation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BMSC)-derived exosomes. a Flowcytometric analysis indicates that the cells were mesenchymal stem cells since CD29 and CD105 were positive and CD34 and CD45 were negative. b Oil red O staining. Scale bar = 50 μm. c Alizarin Red staining. Scale bar = 50 μm. d The ultrastructure of BMSC-derived exosomes was analyzed by transmission electron microscopy. Scale bar = 100 nm. e Nanoparticle tracking analysis of the exosome diameters (nm). f Specific exosomal surface markers (CD9, CD63, and TSG101) were detected by western blotting in BMSCs and exosomes