Fig. 5

Summary of our study results in T1DM. The upregulated miR-424-5p, cytokines (VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; IL, interleukin) or their receptors (CXCR, chemokine receptor) contributed to increased cardiovascular risks in T1DM patients whilst vascular health—fibronectin adhesion assay(FAA), proangiogenic cells and CD45^dim CD34⁺ 133⁺cells—was reduced in the same patients with T1DM, type 1 diabetes mellitus, thus displaying impaired vascular repair