Fig. 4

TGFβ1 plays the key role in APP/PS1 NSC differentiation and PBMT activates latent TGFβ1 (LTGFβ1) in vivo. a, b Confocal representative images of Dcx⁺ and GFAP⁺ cells (a) and quantification the number of Dcx⁺ and GFAP⁺ cells (b) after exogenously added active TGFβ1 (2 ng/ml) to induce differentiation of APP/PS1 NSCs. Scale bar, 50 μm, (n = 4 per group). c Western blotting analysis of the LTGFβ1 activation of WT and APP/PS1 transgenic mice brain hippocampus after PBMT. d The differentiation of APP/PS1 NSCs after PBMT, some cells were pretreated with SB431542 (TGFβR I inhibitor, 60 μM) before PBMT. Scale bar, 50 μm. e The quantification of Dcx⁺ and GFAP⁺ cells after PBMT, some cells were pretreated with SB431542 before PBMT (n = 4 per group). All quantifications are presented as mean ± SEM and were analyzed by one-way ANOVA test; ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01 versus control group; ^##p < 0.01 versus indicated group