Fig. 5

PBMT-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in NSCs activates LTGFβ1 to direct the NSC differentiation. a, b Flow cytometry (a) and confocal microscopy (b) detect ROS generation (revealed by DCFH-DA) of WT and APP/PS1 NSCs after PBMT. Some cells were preincubated with N-acetyl cysteine (NAC, 1 mM) before PBMT. Scale bar, 20 μm. c Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) assess the activated TGFβ1 by ROS, isolation and culture of NSCs from hippocampus of WT and APP/PS1 transgenic mice, respectively. LTGFβ1 (2.5 ng/mL) was added to the culture medium before PBMT (n = 3 per group). d Representative Western blotting assays for detecting the expression of newborn neuron-associated protein, Dcx/Tuj1, and astrocyte associated protein, GFAP, in vitro. e Quantification of Western blotting analysis of d (n = 3 per group). All quantifications are presented as mean ± SEM and were analyzed by one-way ANOVA test; **p < 0.01 versus control group; ^##p < 0.01, ^#p < 0.05 versus indicated group