Fig. 6

BMSC-EV treatment reduces inflammatory infiltration in the dermis in scleroderma. a–h Representative images of the mast cell degranulation detected by toluidine blue staining (a, b), F4/80⁺ positive macrophages (c, d), CD8⁺ and CD4⁺ positive lymphocyte (e, f, g, h) infiltration in the skin detected by immunostaining and their corresponding quantification. Scale bar 100 μm. i–k Quantification of Il6, Il10, and Tnf-α mRNA. l–o Protein expression of IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α in the skin as detected by western blot. EVs: BMSC-derived EVs; BLM: bleomycin; Il6: interleukin-6; Il10: interleukin-10; Tnf-α: tumor necrosis factor α