Fig. 9

Protein expressions of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, apoptosis, autophagic and fibrotic biomarkers in LV myocardium by day 60 after DCM induction. A1, A2 Protein expression of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1), * vs. other groups with different symbols (†, ‡, §), p< 0.0001. B1, B2 Protein expression of phosphorylated mitogen-activated protein kinase 4 (p-MMK4), * vs. other groups with different symbols (†, ‡, §), p< 0.0001. C1, C2 Protein expression of p-MMK7, * vs. other groups with different symbols (†, ‡, §), p< 0.0001. D1, D2 Protein expression of p-JNK1/2, * vs. other groups with different symbols (†, ‡, §), p< 0.0001. E1, E2 Protein expression of p-cJUN, * vs. other groups with different symbols (†, ‡, §), p< 0.0001. F1, F2 Protein expression of cleaved caspase 3 (c-Casp3), * vs. other groups with different symbols (†, ‡, §), p< 0.0001. G1, G2 Protein expression of Atg5, * vs. other groups with different symbols (†, ‡, §), p< 0.0001. H1, H2 Protein expression of Beclin1, * vs. other groups with different symbols (†, ‡, §), p< 0.0001. I1, I2 Protein expression of mitochondrial Bax (mito-Bax), vs. other groups with different symbols (†, ‡, §), p< 0.0001. J1, J2 Protein expression of cleaved Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (c-PARP), * vs. other groups with different symbols (†, ‡, §), p< 0.0001. K–N Illustrating microscopic finding (200×) of the Masson’s trichrome stain for identification of fibrotic area in LV myocardium (blue color). O Analytical result of fibrotic area, * vs. other groups with different symbols (†, ‡, §), p< 0.0001. Scale bars in the lower right corner represent 50 μm. All statistical analyses were performed by one-way ANOVA, followed by Bonferroni multiple comparison post hoc test (n=6 for each group). Symbols (*, †, ‡, §) indicate significance (at 0.05 level). LVEF = left ventricular ejection fraction; DCM = dilated cardiomyopathy; iPS-MSCs = inducible pluripotent stem cell-derived mesenchymal stem cells; dOex-mIRs = double overexpression of microRNAs