Fig. 5

Blood perfusion and histological analysis of the T2DM mouse limb ischemia model after the G-ADSC-Exo transplantation. The blood flow of hindlimbs was monitored by the laser Doppler perfusion imager on days 0, 7, and 28 (A). Statistical analysis revealed a significantly higher blood perfusion ratio of the G-ADSC-Exo group than both ADSC-Exo and PBS control groups (B). The Masson’s staining indicated a significantly higher structural integrity of the ischemic muscles in the G-ADSC-Exo group than both ADSC-Exo and PBS control groups (C, D). The immunohistochemistry staining of CD31 in the hindlimb muscles showed a significantly higher microvessel’s density in the G-ADSC-Exo group than the ADSC-Exo and control groups (E, F). Immunofluorescence staining of α-SMA (green) and DAPI (blue) verified a significantly higher microvessel’s density in the G-ADSC-Exo group than the other two groups (G, H). All experiments above were repeated three times (n = 3). The one-way analysis of variance was performed to compare data between groups. Scale bar = 100 μm; *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001; G-ADSC-Exos, G-ADSC-derived exosomes