Fig. 3

CFD models to enable sphere growth. a Correlation between hydrodynamic conditions and cell outputs include models of max shear rate and aggrecan (p = 0.012), average eddy turbulence dissipation and cell settling (p = 0.024), max shear rate and doublings (p = 0.018), and dynamic agitation with sphere size (p = 0.033). b Illustration of shifts in hydrodynamic environment as RPM shifts in dynamic culture conditions. By growing cells at various RPM and measuring outputs we can model effect of hydrodynamic conditions on cells. c Illustration of cell volume fraction calculated from average eddy turbulence dissipation at a single sphere size and RPM. Graphic shows simulated location of cells which can predict cell settling (other RPM, sphere sizes, and scales also simulated). d In order to minimize shear forces while also keeping spheres in suspension as they grow in size, we leverage CFD to develop dynamic agitation profiles