Table 2 The immunologic mechanisms of MSCs in allergic diseases

T cell

Thl/Th2 balancing by modulating Th2 polarization

Thl cytokines

Sensitization/effector

IL-12: mouse AS (118)

Thl cytokines

IFN-γ: mouse AS (116)

IFN-γ mouse (150)

*l

O

Th2 cytokines

Th2 cytokines

IL-4: mouse AS (110, 118), rat AR (156)

IL-4: mouse (112, 150)

IL-5: mouse AS (113), mouse AR (125)

IL-5: mouse (150)

IL-13: mouse AS (110, 118, 122), mouse AR (124)

Production or induction of regulatory cytokines related with tolerance/desensitization (TGF-β, IL-10, IFN-γ)

*2

O

TGF-β: mouse AS (115), rat AS (119)

TGF-β: mouse (151)

Sensitization/effector

IL-10: mouse AS (119, 122)

IFN-γ: mouse AS (116)

Increase allergen-specific regulatory T cell (Treg) response

*3

O

rat AS (44),mouse AS (121), mouse AR (17), mouse ACD (129)

Sensitization/effector

Reducing allergen-specific Th2 response

*4

O

B cell

Decrease of systemic lgE

*5

O

mouse AS (109), mouse AR (44, 124, 125), rat AR (126), mouse AC (18)

hAD (156)

Effector

Decrease of IgE production

*6

O

O

mouse AS (109), mouse AR (44, 124, 125), rat AR (126), mouse AC (18)

Effector

Reducing allergen-specific IgE and increasing allergen-specific IgGl

*7

O

Mouse AS (110, 118), mouse AR (111, 124)

mouse (112)

Effector

Mast cell

Decrease of IgE binding to mast cell by reducing FccRl

*8

Decrease of mast cell recruitment and activity

*9

O

O

mouse AC (18)

Effector