Table 3 Possible challenges related to Exo application in regenerative medicine
From: Applications, challenges and prospects of mesenchymal stem cell exosomes in regenerative medicine
Challenges | Description |
|---|---|
Isolation and purification methods | Lack of standard protocol for Exo isolation, leading to heterogeneity in Exo quality and quantity Impurity and contamination with non-Exo components The possibility of Exo damage |
Biosafety | Contamination of Exo samples with infectious agents during isolation from biofluids or in vitro systems |
Storage and maintenance | Temperature- and pH-dependent changes in Exo profile and physicochemical properties |
In vivo administration | Possibility of thrombosis and biodistribution to nontarget organs Allo-reactive responses and elimination of Exo by the reticuloendothelial system |
In vitro culture system condition | Effect of culture medium components on Exo production and cargo profile Contamination of Exo samples with exogenous Exo, protein and other biomolecules |