Fig. 2
From: MSCs and their exosomes: a rapidly evolving approach in the context of cutaneous wounds therapy
Schematic demonstration of the biogenesis, ingredients, and also secretion of exosomes. The exosomes are generated by the budding of the endocytic membrane and the creation of intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) inside the cell. During maturation, RNAs, proteins, and lipids are fused into ILV by endosomal complexes required for transport (ESCRT)‐dependent or ESCRT‐independent way, and early endosome maturation gives rise to multivesicular bodies (MVBs). The MVBs can be transferred to the trans-Golgi network (TGN) for endosome recycling, or to lysosomes for degradation, or incorporated with the plasma membrane through some dominant factors, such as Ras-related in the brain (Rab) GTPases and soluble NSF attachment protein receptor (SNARE) complexes. Upon MVB incorporation with the cellular membrane, exosome’s secretion into the extracellular space is completed, and ultimately secreted molecules are transported to recipient cells by endocytosis, direct membrane fusion, and receptor–ligand interaction