Table 1 Clinical application of mesenchymal stem cells in autoimmune diseases

RA

I.V

Autologous BM-MSC

1 × 10⁶/kg

Clinical efficacy

NCT03333681

[45]

RA

I.V

Autologous BM-MSC

1 × 10⁶/kg

Reduction of B cells response

NCT03333681

[50]

RA

I.V

Autologous BM-MSC

1 × 10⁶/kg

Immunomodulatory effects of MSCT

NCT03333681

[53]

RA

Intra-articular knee

Autologous BM-MSC

40 × 10⁶/joint

Clinical efficacy

NCT01873625

[98]

RA

I.V

Allogeneic AD-MSC

1 × 10⁶/kg

Clinical efficacy

NCT01663116

[46]

2 × 10⁶/kg

4 × 10⁶/kg

RA

I.V

hUC-MSC with IFN-γ

1 × 10⁶/kg

Clinical efficacy

Unknown

[47]

RA

I.V

hUC-MSC

1 × 10⁶/kg

Clinical efficacy/IFN-γ levels predicts the therapeutic effects of MSCs

Unknown

[48]

RA

I.V

hUC-MSC

2 × 10⁷ cell

UC-MSC cells + DMARDs therapy can be a safe, effective and feasible

NCT01547091

[49]

RA

I.V

hUC-MSC

4 × 10⁷ cell

UC-MSC cells + DMARDs provide safe, and persistent clinical benefits

NCT01547091

[51]

RA

I.V

hUC-MSC with LG

4 × 10⁷ cell

LG + UC-MSCs can improve the curative effect of RA patients

NCT01547091

[99]

RA

I.V

hUC-MSC

2.5 × 10⁷cell

Clinical efficacy

NCT02221258

[52]

5 × 10⁷ cell

1 × 10⁸ cell

T1DM

I.V

hUC-MSC

1 × 10⁶/kg

Clinical efficacy

Unknown

[55]

T1DM

I.V

hUC-MSC

1.1 × 10⁶/kg

Clinical efficacy

NCT01374854

[58]

BM-MNC

106.8 × 10⁶/kg

T1DM

I.V

1 × 10⁶/kg

Clinical efficacy

NCT03920397

[56]

T1DM

I.V

67.37 ± 7.65 × 10⁶cells

Clinical efficacy

NCT03920397

[57]

T1DM

I.V

Autologous BM-MSC

2.1–3.6 × 10⁶/kg

Clinical efficacy

NCT01068951

[59]

T1DM

I.A

IS-AD-MSC + autologous BM-HSC

5.3 × 10⁶/ml

Autologous IS-AD-MSC + BM-HSC co-infusion offers better long-term control of hyperglycemia

Unknown

[60]

IS-AD-MSC + allogenic BM-HSC

5.1 × 10⁶/ml

T1DM

I.A

IS-AD-MSC plus BM-HSC

2.7 × 10⁴/kg

Clinical efficacy

Unknown

[100]

60.55 × 10⁶/kg

T1DM

I.A

IS-AD-MSC plus BM-HSC

Unknown

Clinical efficacy

Unknown

[101]

T1DM

I.V

WJ-MSC

2.6 ± 1.2 × 10⁷ cells

Clinical efficacy/restoration of function islet β cells

Unknown

[61]

MS

I.V

Autologous BM-MSC

1–2 × 10⁶/kg

Clinical efficacy

NCT00395200

[68]

MS

I.T

Autologous BM-MSC

110 ± 23.1 × 10⁶/cells

Clinical efficacy

NCT01895439

[72]

MS

I.V

Autologous BM-MSC

1.6 × 10⁶/kg

Clinical efficacy

NCT00395200

[69]

MS

I.T

Autologous BM-MSC

8.73 × 10⁶cells

Feasibility of autologous MSC for treatment of MS patients

Unknown

[102]

MS

I.T

Autologous BM-MSC

3–5 × 10⁷cells

Clinical but not radiological efficacy

Unknown

[103]

MS

I.T

Autologous BM-MSC

29.5 × 10⁶cells

Safe and feasible therapeutic approach

Unknown

[104]

MS

I.T & I.V

Autologous BM-MSC

2.5 × 10⁶cells

Clinically feasible and relatively safe procedure and induces immediate immunomodulatory effects

NCT00781872

[70]

MS

I.T & I.V

Autologous BM-MSC

1 × 10⁶/kg

Clinical efficacy/I.T administration was efficacious than the I.V

NCT02166021

[64]

MS

I.V

Autologous AD-MSC

1 × 10⁶/kg

Safe and feasible

NCT01056471

[71]

4 × 10⁶/kg

MS

I.V

hUC-MSC

20 × 10⁶/cells

Safe and feasible

NCT02034188

[65]

MS

I.V

hUC-MSC

4 × 10⁶/kg

High potential for hUC-MSC treatment of MS

Unknown

[105]

MS

I.V

Placenta-MSC

15 × 10⁷/cells

Safe and well tolerated in patients with MS

Unknown

[73]

6 × 10⁸/cells

MS

I.T

MSC-NP

5.3 × 10⁶ to 1 × 10⁷ cells

Clinical efficacy

NCT01933802

[66]

MS

I.T

MSC-NP

9.4 × 10⁶cells

Clinical efficacy

NCT01933802

[67]

SLE

I.V

BM-MSC

1 × 10⁶/kg

Clinical efficacy

NCT00698191

[106]

SLE

I.V

BM-MSC

1 × 10⁶/kg

Clinical efficacy

NCT00698191

[107]

SLE

I.V

BM-MSC

≥ 1 × 10⁶/kg

Clinical efficacy

NCT00698191

[108]

SLE

I.V

hUC-MSC

1 × 10⁶/kg

Safe and feasible

NCT00698191

[109]

SLE

I.V

hUC-MSC

Unknown

16 patients had no clinical response

NCT01741857

[80]

Seven patients relapse after 6 months

SLE

I.V

hUC-MSC

1 × 10⁶/kg

UC-MSCs suppressed T cell proliferation in lupus patients by secreting IDO

NCT01741857

[82]

SLE

I.V

hUC-MSC

2.8 × 10⁸/cells

hUC-MSC has no apparent additional effect over and above standard immunosuppression

NCT01539902

[76]

SLE

I.V

BM-MSC

1 × 10⁶/kg

Clinical efficacy

Unknown

[110]

hUC-MSC

SLE

I.V

BM-MSC

1 × 10⁶/kg

Clinical efficacy

NCT00698191

[77]

hUC-MSC

SLE

I.V

hUC-MSC

1 × 10⁶/kg

Clinical efficacy

NCT00698191

[81]

SLE

I.V

BM-MSC

1 × 10⁶/kg

Clinical efficacy

Unknown

[111]

hUC-MSC

IBD

I.L

AD-MSC

3–30 × 10⁶/cells

Safe and feasible

Unknown

[112]

IBD

I.L

AD-MSC

12 × 10⁷/cells

Clinical efficacy

NCT01541579

[86]

IBD

I.L

Autologous AD-MSC

Unknown

Safe and feasible

Unknown

[113]

IBD

I.L

AD-MSC

2 × 10⁷/cells

Safe and feasible

NCT01372969

[114]

IBD

I.V

Autologous BM-MSC

2 × 10⁶/kg

Clinical efficacy

NCT01659762

[115]

5 × 10⁶/kg

10 × 10⁶/kg

IBD

I.V

Autologous BM-MSC

1–2 × 10⁶/kg

Safe and feasible

NTR1360

[116]

IBD

I.V

BM-MSC

2 × 10⁶/kg

Clinical efficacy

NCT01090817

[3]

IBD

I.V

hUC-MSC

1 × 10⁶/kg

Clinical efficacy

NCT02445547

[88]

IBD

I.L

BM-MSC

1 × 10⁷/cells

Clinical efficacy

NCT01144962

[89]

3 × 10⁷/cells

9 × 10⁷/cells

IBD

I.V

BM-MSC

3 × 10⁶/kg

Safe and effective

Unknown

[117]

IBD

I.L

BM-MSC

1 × 10⁷/cells

Clinical efficacy

NCT01144962

[90]

3 × 10⁷/cells

9 × 10⁷/cells

SS

I.V

hUC-MSC

1 × 10⁶/kg

Safe and effective

NCT00953485

[93]