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Fig. 2 | Stem Cell Research & Therapy

Fig. 2

From: Exendin-4 and eldecalcitol synergistically promote osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells through M2 macrophages polarization via PI3K/AKT pathway

Fig. 2

Ex-4 and ED-71 synergistically promote M2 macrophages polarization in vivo. A Immunohistochemistry of CD206. Bar, 100 μm. B Immunohistochemistry of TGF-β1. Bar, 100 μm. C Immunohistochemical quantitative analysis of CD206 and TGF-β1 (n = 4). D The mRNA expression levels of macrophages marker genes (M1 macrophage: IL-1β and iNOS; M2 macrophage: CD163 and CD206) in the bone tissue from db/db mice (n = 3). E ELISA was used to detect the secretion cytokine IL-1β of M1 macrophages and the secretion cytokine TGF-β1 of M2 macrophages in serum (n = 3). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. CON control, Ex-4 exendin-4, ED-71 eldecalcitol, Ex-4 + ED-71 exendin-4 + eldecalcitol, TGF-β1 transforming growth factor-β1, IL-1β interleukin-1β, iNOS inducible nitric oxide synthase

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Stem Cell Research & Therapy

ISSN: 1757-6512