Fig. 1

Schematic representation of the cryopreservation and experimental methods. Aspirated fat was centrifuged at 500 rpm for 3 min. The middle layer of adipose tissue was mixed with different cryoprotective agents (CPAs) at a 1:1 volume ratio. The mixtures were then cryopreserved with a programmed protocol and stored in liquid nitrogen at − 196 °C. After 1 month of cryopreservation, the tissues were thawed and eluted. In vitro and in vivo studies were then conducted