Table 1 Stem cell sources for skeletal muscle bioengineering and clinical applications
From: Adult stem cell sources for skeletal and smooth muscle tissue engineering
Stem cell | Origin | Differentiation capabilities | Lineage specific markers | Clinical studies |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Satellite cells | Beneath basal lamina of myofibers | Mitotically quiescent stem cells | Pax7 + MyoD- | – |
MPCs | Beneath basal lamina of myofibers | Activated upon muscle damage | MyoD + Myf5+ | Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) [24], stress urinary incontinence (SUI) [25, 27, 28] |
MDSCs | In close proximity to basal lamina of myofibers | Myogenic, chondrogenic and osteogenic | Co-expression of myogenic and endothelial markers | – |
MSCs | Bone marrow, fat, skeletal muscle, umbilical cord, blood | Myogenic, chondrogenic, osteogenic and adipogenic | CD105+, CD73+, CD90+, CD45−, CD34−, CD14−, CD3−, HLA-DR | - |
ADSCs | Adipose tissue | Myogenic (when cultured in myogenic induction medium containing horse serum) | CD105+, CD73+, CD44+, CD29+, CD90+, CD45−, CD34− | |
AFSCs | Amniotic fluid | Myogenic, osteogenic, adipogenic, endothelial, neurogenic and hepatogenic | CD44+, CD73+, CD90+, CD105+, SSEA-4 | SUI [58] |
HSCs | Bone marrow, skeletal muscle | Myogenic | CD45+/Sca1+ | – |