Fig. 1

SKN cell therapy is effective at treating Canine Cognitive Dysfunction (CCD). A Primary endpoint CCDR score (global clinical severity) as rated for each patient before after treatment shows a significant decrease over time, where lower scores are better. Sasha follow-up score imputed by last observation carried forward (LOCF) because of a serious adverse event and euthanasia. Red lines show 4/5 patients categorically improved beyond RCI of CCDR (> 5 points). Modified ITT analysis: Paired T test = 3.06, df = 4, p = 0.038. B Radar graphs of individual CCDR items for each patient, where higher scores indicate greater severity of abnormal behaviour or higher rate of decline for change items. Grey zone represents extent of global clinical improvement. C Canine Sand Maze paths for Leo and D Timmy final learning trial, before (left) and after treatment (right). These show that after treatment more time was spent in reward zone and dogs traversed a shorter path length, suggestive of improved encoding of spatial memory. E Function Cloud spatial map of home-based movement for Grover over a daytime hour (pre-treatment). Hot spot in the dining room shows zone of frequent repetitive circling behaviour. F Grover’s spatial maps overnight (2–3 am) were used to calculate daily nocturnal wandering area, which showed a significant decrease pre-treatment (1-week) compared to post- treatment (final week 12 follow-up), consistent with carer reports (T test = 2.89, df = 6, p = 0.028, figure shows average ± SEM). Inserts show exemplar maps for one pre- (top) and post- treatment night (lower). G Fitbark™ wearable accelerometer technology was used to assess daily playful activity and showed a significant improvement over the treatment period, consistent with Gus’ carer reports (T test = 2.006, df = 105, p = 0.047, figure shows average ± 95%CI, pre-treatment 30 days vs. post treatment 77 days)