Fig. 7

Dose-dependent effect of BMP4 after double transduction on cell proliferation, mitochondria function and osteogenic differentiation. A, B Ki67 staining and quantification. Ki67⁺ stained red in nuclei. Scale bars = 200 µm. Exact values are shown between group comparisons. C Population doubling time quantification. Exact values are showed between group comparisons. D Live mitochondrial staining with Mitotracker Red FM to show oxidation activity of mitochondria. Mitochondria are stained red (Mitotracker Red) and nuclei are stained blue with Hoechst 33342. Insets are the enlarged boxed area of cells to better display mitochondria in the cytoplasm. Scale bars = 200 µm. E Quantification of Mitotracker red fluorescence intensity relative to cell number using Hoechst 33342. F Quantification of LDS-751 fluorescence intensity relative to cell number using Hoechst 33342. G Q-PCR analysis of osteogenic differentiation of single and double transduced young and old MDSCs. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. ****P < 0.0001