Fig. 2

Exosomes reduced toxicity of neurotoxic astrocytes in vivo. a, b Representative immunostaining images of C3 (green)/GFAP (red) in sham-operated rats (the Control group), SCI rats (the SCI group), SCI rats treated with Exo (the SCI + Exo group) and the quantification of the relative immunofluorescence intensity of C3 in each group at 3dpi (detailed regions where the representative image selected from are provided in Additional file 9). Scale bar = 50 μm. c Representative immunofluorescence images of Neu-N (green)/GFAP (red) at 3 dpi in each group. Scale bar = 500 μm. d Quantitative analysis of mRNA expression of anti-inflammation cytokines (IL4, IL10) and pro-inflammation cytokines (TNFα, IL1β, IL6) in spinal cord tissue of each group. Data above are represented as mean ± SD. *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; #, p > 0.05. IL4 interleukin 4, IL6 interleukin 6, IL10 interleukin 10, dpi days post-injury