Table 3 Pre-clinical studies of Muse cells on stroke

SCID mouse

pMCAO

Human BM-MSCs derived Muse cells

7 days after injury onset; stereotaxical injection to ipsilateral striatum; 2.5 × 10⁴

Migrate and survive in the damaged site; differentiate to neurons; function recovery and tissue regeneration

[77]

Rat

tMCAO

NHDFs-derived Muse cells

2 days after injury onset; stereotaxical injection to ischaemic cortex; 3 × 10⁴

Survive up to 84 days; integrate into sensory-motor cortex; differentiate to neurons in cortex

[60]

SCID mouse

lacunar infarction

Human BM-MSCs derived Muse cells

2 weeks after injury onset; stereotaxical injection to perilesion site;

1 × 10⁵

Integrate into host brain; facilitate pyramidal tract reconstruction; differentiate to neurons; improve behaviour score; without tumour formation by 6 months

[78]

SCID mouse

lacunar infarction

CL2020

9 days or 30 days after injury onset; cervical vein injection; 5 × 10⁴/1 × 10⁴/5 × 10³

Survive in host brain for at least 22 weeks; without tumorigenesis; differentiate to neurons; behaviour improvement

[79]

SCID mouse

ICH

Human BM-MSCs derived Muse cells

5 days after injury onset; stereotaxical injection to hematoma cavity; 2 × 10⁵

Improve motor function recovery; differentiate to neurons; much higher survival rate of Muse cells compared with non-Muse cells

[80]