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Fig. 1 | Stem Cell Research & Therapy

Fig. 1

From: 3D tissue-engineered lung models to study immune responses following viral infections of the small airways

Fig. 1

Immune responses to RSV infection. Infection of RSV particle causes the release of cytokines and chemokines, resulting in recruitment of immune cells. Chemokines released from alveolar type 2 (AT2) cells signal for natural killer (NK) cells and polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes to kill infected cells as part of a nonspecific immune response. AT2 cells also release TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-1β, causing activation of dendritic cells and macrophages and the recruitment of CD4+ T cells. These T cells release interferons (IFNs) that activate macrophages and help activate B cells which are required for the development of RSV antibodies. CD4+ T cells also recruit neutrophils from the blood to alveolar air spaces

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Stem Cell Research & Therapy

ISSN: 1757-6512