Fig. 1

The identification of hAMSCs under serum-containing and serum-free conditions. a Representative phase contract images of hAMSCs under serum-containing (SC) and serum-free (SF) conditions. Scale bar = 100 μm. b–c Representative FCM diagrams (b) and statistical analysis (c) of surface markers of hAMSCs (2 × 10⁴ cells) in the indicated groups. All data were shown as mean ± SEM (N = 3). NS, not significant. d Representative images of hAMSC-derived adipocytes evaluated by Oil red O staining. NC, negative control. Scale bar = 100 μm. e Relative mRNA expression of adipogenic genes (ADIPOQ, PPAR-γ). f Representative images of hAMSC-derived osteoblasts evaluated by Alizarin Red S staining. NC, negative control. Scale bar = 100 μm. g Relative mRNA expression of osteogenic genes (RUNX2, BGLAP)