Table 2 Active targeting of CSCs based on PNP
From: Targeting cancer stem cells with polymer nanoparticles for gastrointestinal cancer treatment
Cancer | Markers | Ligand | Polymers of nanoparticles | Agents | Results | Cell line/Model | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gastric cancer | CD44v6 | CD44v6 antibody | PEGylated GNSs | NA | CD44v6-GNS nanoprobes actively target gastric cancer cells and inhibit tumor growth under near-infrared laser irradiation | MKN-45 and cancer xenograft mice | [40] |
CD44 | HA | Pationic liposomes | Gli1 | Gli1 siRNA nanoparticles can specifically block Hh signaling and significantly inhibit CSCs | AGS | [44] | |
CD44 | HA | PEG-PLGA | METase and 5-Fu | PEG-PLGA NPs coated with HA allow for targeted delivery of 5-Fu and METase to CSCs | NCI-N87 | [41] | |
CD44 | HA | PAMAM | METase | The nanoparticle can disrupt mitochondrial function in CD44-positive gastric CSCs | NCI-N87 | [43] | |
CD44 and CD133 | CD44 and CD133 antibody | PLPN | ATRA | Nanoparticle delivery to two gastric CSCs populations was achieved by diabody conjugation | NCI-N87/MKN-45 | [46] | |
Pancreatic cancer | CD47 | CD47 antibody | Iron oleate complex | Gemcitabine | The efficacy of this MMP was demonstrated against CD47-positive pancreatic cancer cells | Panc-1, BxPC-3, and PDX | [59] |
CD133 | CD133 antibody | BTiO2 | NA | The nanoprobe exhibited high relaxation rate, excellent photothermal efficiency, and targeting ability to pancreatic CSCs in this experiment | SW1990 | [63] | |
CD44 | αCD44 antibody | O2LNCs | Paclitaxel | The antitumor efficacy of paclitaxel loaded with αCD44-O2 LNCs increased fourfold compared to free paclitaxel | BxPC-3 | [60] | |
CD44 | HA | Co-poly (styrene maleic acid) | 3,4-difluorobenzylidene curcumin | Nanomicelles reach tumor sites via enhanced permeability and EPR effect and reach pancreatic CSCs via CD44 receptor-mediated endocytosis | MiaPaCa-2 and AsPC-1 | [61] | |
CD44 | HA | AgNO3 -amino acid glutamine | 5-FU | Confinement of carboxymethyl inulin significantly alleviates the cytotoxicity of AgNPs and modification of HA improves targeting to CSCs | Panc-1 | [62] | |
CD326 | Anti-human CD326 | NaYF4:Yb,Er@NaGdF4 | NA | Antibody-modified micelles showed good targeting | BxPc-3 and subcutaneous mouse model | [64] | |
Hepatic cancer | CD133 | Anti-CD133 monoclonal antibody | PEI-FePt | HSV-TK suicide gene | The nanoparticle combination inhibited the growth of hepatic CSCs and induced apoptosis in vitro which was higher than any single intervention | Huh-7 | [72] |
CD133 | CD133 antibody | PLGA | Paclitaxel | Antibody-modified paclitaxel-loaded nanoparticles can reach target cell populations under passive and active targeting | Huh7 | [71] | |
CD44 | CD44 antibody | Liposomal | Dox | The liposomal nanoparticles were shown to be useful for monitoring and evaluating targeting efficacy and gene therapy by noninvasive molecular imaging | HepG2 | [73] | |
EpCAM | Anti-EpCAM antibody | NaYF4:Yb,Er | Mitoxantrone | A smart diagnostic and therapeutic micelle based on antibody-conjugated UCNPs was prepared | BEL-7404 | [74] | |
Colorectal cancer | CD133 | CD133 antibody | PEG-PCL | SN38 | Anti-CD133 antibody-conjugated SN38-loaded nanoparticles can efficiently bind to HCT116 cells | HCT116 | [25] |
CD44 | HA | PF33-pDNA RRPH | TRAIL | Developed a ternary multifunctional nanoparticle for in vivo gene delivery | HCT116 | [82] | |
CD133 | RNA ligand | Amine‐functionalized dendritic mesoporous silica | Dox | A smart targeted drug delivery system based on PCAD-coated DMSNs was designed, which can control the release of Dox | HT29 | [81] | |
CD44v6 | Fab-CD44v6 | Pluronic® F127 | Niclosamide | The use of targeted nanoparticles has improved the efficacy of niclosamide in colorectal CSCs | HCT116 and mouse xenograft tumor model | [84] | |
CD44/CD168 | HA | PEG-PLGA | PTC209 | Reversing tumor stemness via orally targeted nanoparticles achieves efficient colon cancer treatment | CT26-luc cells | [85] | |
Prominin-1 | PROM-1 targeting ligand | Apoferritin and 1-hydroxy-2,5-pyrrolidinedione | Irinotecan | Demonstrated efficacy of irinotecan as a radiosensitizer in a PROM-1-targeted NP formulation | HCT116 and mice ectopic tumor model | [86] |