Fig. 5
From: Harnessing electromagnetic fields to assist bone tissue engineering
Interactions of MNC and cells under EMFs’ exposure. (1) Vibrations of MNPs induced by the presence of EMF provide mechanical cues for cells load on MNC [180]. (2, 3) Vibrations and generated heat of MNPs in the presence of EMFs affect the release of biological factors such as BMP-2 which would subsequently exert biological effects on adjacent cells [139, 181]. (4) Mild heat generated by MNC under high-frequency EMFs contributes to enhanced osteogenesis [186]. MNC magnetic nanocomposites, EMFs electromagnetic fields, MNPs magnetic nanoparticles, BMP-2 bone morphogenetic protein-2, HSP 90 heat shock protein 90. This image was drawn by the authors. Created with BioRender.com