Table 1 Studies of mechanisms that MSC-EVs promote periodontal regeneration
Cell source | Cell type | Study model | Active molecules of EVs | Mechanisms | Effects | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Non-odontogenic stem cells | BMSCs | In vitro | - | Reduce oxidative damage | Alleviate the pro-inflammatory state of macrophages induced by Pg-LPS | Ye et al. [52] |
In vivo (rat model) & in vitro | - | Mediate immunomodulation | Facilitate periodontal tissue regeneration | Liu et al. [59] | ||
MSCs | In vivo (rat model) & in vitro | - | Enhance damage repair | Enhance periodontal regeneration | Chew et al. [70] | |
ADSCs | In vivo (rat model) | - | Have immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects | Mohammed et al. [72] | ||
Odontogenic stem cells | PDLSCs | In vitro | - | Reduce oxidative damage | Display anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects | Čebatariūnienė et al. [57] |
In vivo (murine model) & in vitro | miR-590-3p | Mediate immunomodulation | Alleviated periodontal inflammatory injury and macrophage pyroptosis | Han et al. [61] | ||
In vitro | miR-155-5p | Alleviate inflammatory microenvironment | Zheng et al. [48] | |||
In vitro | miR-6515-5p | Enhance damage repair | Change the local inflammatory microenvironment and improve tissue regeneration | Xu et al. [50] | ||
In vivo (rat model) & in vitro | - | Facilitate pro-angiogenesis | Zhang et al. [69] | |||
GMSCs | In vivo (rat model) & in vitro | - | Reduce oxidative damage & mediate immunomodulation | Facilitate periodontal tissue regeneration | Zarubova et al. [53] | |
In vitro | - | Reduce the inflammatory response | ||||
In vivo (mouse model) & in vitro | exosomal miR-1260b | Mediate immunomodulation | Inhibit periodontal bone loss | Nakao et al. [49] | ||
DPSCs | In vivo (mouse model) & in vitro | miR-1246 | Reduce oxidative damage & mediate immunomodulation | Promote alveolar bone and periodontal epithelium healing | Shen et al. [58] | |
In vivo (mouse model) & in vitro | miR-1246 | Mediate immunomodulation | Enhance anti-inflammatory property | Zhang et al. [64] | ||
In vitro | miR-378a | Enhance damage repair | Enhance cell angiogenesis | Zhou et al. [67] | ||
DFSCs | In vivo (beagle dog model) & in vitro | GSR and SOD1 | Reduce oxidative damage & mediate immunomodulation | Inhibit alveolar bone loss and enhance periodontal regeneration | Huang et al. [46] | |
In vivo (rat model) & in vitro | - | Enhance damage repair | Contribute to alveolar bone regeneration | Yi et al. [66] | ||
In vivo (rat model) & in vitro | - | Promote periodontal tissue regeneration | Ma et al. [71] | |||
In vivo (rat model) & in vitro | - | Promote periodontal regeneration in an inflammatory microenvironment | Shi et al. [47] | |||
SHED | In vivo (mouse model) | - | Reduce oxidative damage & enhance damage repair | Enhance the osteogenic ability of BMSCs | Wei et al. [56] | |
In vitro | Wnt3a and BMP2 | Enhance damage repair | Enhance the osteogenic ability of PDLSCs | Wang et al. [65] |