Table 1 The role of MSC-Exo in breast cancer tumorigenesis
From: Shining the light on mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes in breast cancer
Tumor progression approach | Origin of Exo | Setting | Cargo | Mechanism | Outcome | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Angiogenesis | BMSCs | In vitro | NS | NS | Pro-angiogenesis | [101] |
In vivo | ||||||
BMSCs | In vitro | miR-16 | Down-regulation of VEGF | Anti-angiogenesis | [102] | |
In vivo | ||||||
BMSCs | In vitro | miR-100 | Down-regulation of VEGF by modulating the mTOR/HIF-1α signaling axis | Anti-angiogenesis | [107] | |
Cell proliferation, apoptosis and autophagy | BMSCs | In vitro | miRNAs-21/34a | NS | Induction of cell proliferation | [101] |
In vivo | Reduction of apoptotic | |||||
BMSCs | In vitro | miR-106a-5p | NS | Induction of cell proliferation | [114] | |
In vivo | ||||||
AD-MSCs | In vitro | NS | Activation of two key downstream effector proteins of Hippo, the YAP and TAZ | Induction of cell proliferation | [109] | |
In vivo | Reduction of apoptotic | |||||
AD-MSCs | In vitro | NS | Activation of Wnt/b-catenin signaling pathway by targeting Axin2 and Dkk1 | Induction of cell proliferation | [111] | |
AD-MSCs | In vitro | miR-145 | Modulating of ROCK1, MMP9, ERBB2, and TP53 | Suppression of cell proliferation | [117] | |
Induction of apoptosis | ||||||
hUCMSCs | In vivo | miR-224-5p | Down-regulation of HOXA5 | Induction of cell proliferation | [123] | |
Induction of autophagy | ||||||
Reduction of apoptotic | ||||||
hUCMSCs | In vitro | miR-148b-3p | Down-regulating of TRIM59 lead to inhibition of Ki-67, Bcl-xl, Bcl-2, N-cadherin and vimentin expression | Suppression of cell proliferation | [124] | |
In vivo | Induction of apoptosis | |||||
DPSCs | In vitro | miR-34a | NS | Suppression of cell proliferation | [116] | |
Metastasis | BMSCs | In vitro | miR-106a-5p | NS | Induction of migration and invasion | [114] |
In vivo | ||||||
BMSCs | In vitro | miR-let-7f | NS | Suppression of migration | [130] | |
AD-MSCs | In vitro | NS | Activation of the Wnt signaling pathway | Induction of metastasis | [111] | |
AD-MSCs | In vitro | miR-145 | Suppression of MUC1 | Suppression of metastasis | [117] | |
AD-MSCs | In vitro | miR-381 | Down-regulation of Wnt signaling pathway genes (LRP6 and CTNNB1) and EMT transcription factors (Twist and Snail) | Suppression of migration and invasion | [129] | |
hUCMSCs | In vitro | miR-148b-3p | Down-regulation of TRIM59 | Suppression of EMT and migration | [115] | |
In vivo | ||||||
hUCMSCs | In vitro | miR-21-5p | Down-regulating of ZNF367 | Suppression of metastasis | [128] | |
Dormancy | MSCs | In vitro | NS | NS | Induction of dormancy | [134] |
MSCs | In vitro | NS | Drive BC cell into CSCs through regulation of Wnt/β-catenin pathway | Induction of dormancy | [135] | |
BMSCs | In vitro | miR-222/223 | Induction of BC cells cycling quiescence by reduction of CDK4, Cyclin D1 and p21WAF1 expression | Induction of dormancy | [136] | |
In vivo | ||||||
BMSCs | In vitro | miR-23b | Suppression of MARCKS | Induction of dormancy | [138] | |
In vivo | ||||||
AD-MSCs | In vitro | miR-941 | Up-regulation of E-cadherin and down-regulation of vimentin, SMAD4, and SNAIL | Induction of dormancy | [137] | |
Chemotherapy resistance | BMSCs | In vitro | miR-21-5 | Upregulation of S100A6 | Induction of chemoresistance | [144] |
In vivo | ||||||
AD-MSCs | In vitro | miR-1236 | Down-regulation of SLC9A1 and inactivation of Wnt/β-catenin | Induction of chemoresistance | [145] | |
Immune evasion | MSCs | In vitro | TGF-b, C1q, and semaphorins | Up-regulation of PD-L1 and elevate L-Arginase and IL-10 to stimulate M-MDSC differentiation into M2-polarized macrophages for immunosuppressive | Immunosuppression | [151] |
In vivo |