Fig. 2

Cell differentiation induced by h-sEV-AT. a Uptake analysis of h-sEV-AT by ASCs (red: phalloidin-stained ASC, green: Dio-labeled h-sEV-AT, blue: DAPI-stained nuclei). Scale bar = 10 µm. b After culturing ASCs with h-sEV-AT for 10 days, the relative expression of adipogenic marker genes (PPARγ2, C/EBPα, adiponectin, and FABP4) was measured by real-time PCR (n = 3). c Representative images of Oil Red O-stained cells after culturing ASCs with h-sEV-AT for 16 days. The white arrows pointed out positive-stained cells. Scale bar = 200 µm. d The number of Oil Red O-stained cells per field of view (scale bar = 200 µm) was analyzed (n = 3). e Uptake analysis of h-sEV-AT by ECs (red: phalloidin-stained EC, green: Dio-labeled h-sEV-AT, blue: DAPI-stained nuclei). Scale bar = 10 µm. f After culturing ECs with h-sEV-AT for 4 days, the relative expression of angiogenic marker genes (CD31, VEGF, FGF2, and angiogenin) was measured by real-time PCR (n = 3). g Representative images of tube-like structures after culturing ECs with h-sEV-AT for 5 h. Scale bar = 200 µm. h Total meshes and total length per field of view (scale bar = 200 µm) were analyzed by ImageJ software (n = 3). The significance was tested with an unpaired two-tailed Student’s t test. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001