Fig. 6
From: Application of mesenchymal stem cell sheet for regeneration of craniomaxillofacial bone defects
Cell sheet implantation approaches and subsequent molecular responses. CS could be used as mono- or multi-cell layered form, F-CS, and Fo-CS in the site of bone injury. It is suggested that CS can be applied in combination with S, and BF. After CS transplantation, implanted cells release several factors such as RANKL with the potential to increase osteoclast precursor cells differentiation into osteoclasts. Reciprocal interaction of ECM integrin and collagen with cells leads to the activation of relevant downstream signaling pathways such as MAPK and β-catenin, resulting in OB differentiation and increased bone formation. Cell sheets: CS; fragmented form: F-CS; scaffolds: S; biological factors: BF; folded form: Fo-CS; osteoclasts: OC; osteoblasts: OB; osteocytes in lacunae: OCY; connective tissue: CT; new bone: NB; and host bone: HB (Designed by Office 2019 and Photoshop CS6)