Table 3 Hybrid hydrogel used in muscle tissue regeneration
Study | Hydrogel type | Outcomes | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|
In vitro & in vivo: murine quadriceps as VML model | thiolated hyaluronic acid chondroitin sulfate-PEG hydrogel | Hydrogel-supported C2C12 myoblasts viability and growth and upregulates MyoD, MyoG, and MYH8. In vivo analysis indicates enhanced angiogenesis, myofibers formation, migration, and pax 7 expression in the injured area | [218] |
In vitro & in vivo: tibialis anterior muscles of mice | methacrylic-acid (MAA)-collagen and MAA poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels | (MAA)-Col hydrogel promotes thicker muscle fiber formation compared to PEG, Col, and control groups with simultaneous appropriate vascularization and innervation. Fibrosis and inflammation markers were reduced | [15] |
In vitro | Ca-modified sodium alginate (SA)-polycaprolactone (PCL)-reduced graphene oxide nanohydrogel | Hybrid hydrogel demonstrated great electroconductivity without cytotoxicity. The adhesion and differentiation of mouse C2C12 myoblasts were induced | [110] |
In vitro | Fibrin-tetraethoxysilane, Fibrin-aminopropyltriethoxysilane And fibrin-silica nanoparticles hydrogels | Fibrin hybrid hydrogel had higher mechanical properties and led to a higher C2C12 myoblast proliferation rate compared to pure fibrin hydrogel | [98] |
In vitro | Polymerized calcium phosphate‒polyvinyl alcohol‒sodium alginate hybrid hydrogel | Hydrogel showed self-healing ability with elevated energy dispersal, mechanical stability, and high fracture point comparable/close to skeletal muscle tissue | [69] |
In vitro | Nanocellulose-graphene oxide/poly[acrylamide-co-(acrylic acid) | Hybrid hydrogel showed repetitive self-healing ability with excellent tensile strength and high fracture point | [106] |
In vitro & in vivo: female C57BL/6Â J mice skin injury | Methacrylated gelatin-acryloyl-(polyethylene glycol)-N-hydroxysuccinimide ester-modified elastin | Appropriate flexible physiochemical properties were obtained by altering the elastin ratio. In vivo experiment indicated infiltration of neutrophils and M2 macrophages, resulting in enhanced angiogenesis | [320] |