Table 1 The expression patterns, mechanisms, and clinical values of MSC-exos in wound healing

miR-21-5p

miR-21-5p-modified ADSC-exos

Overexpression

Promoted proliferation and migration of KCs via Wnt/β-catenin signaling

A cell-free therapy for wound healing treatment

[28]

miR-146a

miR-146a-modified ADSC-exos

Overexpression

Promoted the mobility and proliferation of fibroblasts with up-regulation of SERPINH1 and p-ERK

A novel target for wound healing

[29]

miR-378

ADSC-exos

Up-regulation

Decreased oxidative stress injury in HaCaT cells by targeting caspase-3

A protective strategy in wound healing

[30]

miR-125a-3p

miR-125a-3p-modified ADSC-exos

Overexpression

Promoted angiogenesis of wound healing via PTEN inhibition

A specific thought for the remedy of tissue repair

[31]

miR-126-3p

miR-126-3p-modified ADSC-exos

Overexpression

Increased collagen deposition and angiogenesis by inhibiting PIK3R2

A new therapeutic target for skin reconstruction

[33]

miR-21

ADSC-exos; miR-21-modified hUC-MSC-exos

Up-regulation; overexpression

Promoted MMP-9 and inhibit TIMP-2 by activating PI3K/AKT to promote proliferation and migration of HaCaT; promoted corneal EC proliferation and migration by up-regulating PI3K/AKT/PTEN

A potential target for promoting wound healing and corneal epithelium integrity

[34, 61]

linc00511

linc00511-modified ADSC-exos

Overexpression

Facilitated angiogenesis by inhibiting PAQR3-induced degradation of Twist1 ubiquitination

A basis for promoting DFU healing

[35]

lncRNA H19

lncRNA H19-modified ADSC-exos and BMSC-exos

Overexpression

Up-regulated SOX9 expression via miR-19b to activate Wnt/β-catenin to promote proliferation, migration and invasion of fibroblasts; prevented apoptosis and inflammation of fibroblasts by inhibiting miR-152-3p/PTEN axis

A potential target for accelerating wound healing, including DFU

[36, 56]

lncRNA XIST

ADSC-exos

Up-regulation

Facilitated fibroblast proliferation and migration via suppressing miR-96-5p and promoted DDR2 expression

A perfect target for wound healing

[37]

lncRNA MALAT1

ADSC-exos

Up-regulation

Promoted HaCaT and fibroblast proliferation, migration by activating Wnt/β-catenin via binding miR-124 and inhibited apoptosis via miR-378a/FGF2

A therapeutic target for promoting cutaneous wound healing

[39, 40]

mmu_circ_0000250

mmu_circ_0000250-modified ADSC-exos

Overexpression

Increased angiopoiesis through enhancing SIRT1 expression by miR-128-3p absorption

A target for diabetic wound healing

[41]

mmu_circ_0001052

mmu_circ_0001052-modified ADSC-exos

Overexpression

Promoted angiogenesis through miR-106a-5p and FGF4/p38MAPK pathway

A potential target of DFU treatment

[42]

Nrf2

Nrf2-modified ADSC-exos

Overexpression

Suppressed ROS and inflammatory cytokine expression

Facilitating DFU wound healing

[43]

EGR-1

ADSC-exos

Up-regulation

Increased angiogenesis by regulating EGR-1/lncRNA-SENCR/DKC1/VEGF-A axis

Accelerating wound healing process

[44]

miR-126

DFO-pretreated BMSC-exos; miR-126-modified BMSC-exos

Up-regulation; overexpression

Enhanced angiogenesis via down-regulating PTEN expression to activate the PI3K/AKT pathway; promoted HUVEC angiogenesis by targeting PIK3R2/PI3K/AKT pathway

Promoting normal and diabetic wound healing

[46, 52]

miR-221-3p

ATV-pretreated BMSC-exos

Up-regulation

Enhanced angiogenesis by stimulating the activation of AKT/eNOS pathway

A promising treatment for wound closure

[47]

miR-93-3p

BMSC-exos

Up-regulation

Promoted migration of HaCaT cells by targeting miR-93-3p/APAF1 axis

A promising target for wound healing

[50]

miR-155

miR-155-inhibitor-loaded BMSC-exos

Down-regulation

Suppressed FGF-7 and promoted inflammatory effect

Promoting diabetic wound healing

[51]

miR-223

miR-223-modified BMSC-exos

Overexpression

Modulated the M2 polarization phenotype by targeting pknox1

A potential target for wound healing

[53]

lncRNA KLF3-AS1

lncRNA KLF3-AS1-modified BMSC-exos

Overexpression

Boosted angiogenesis by down-regulating miR-383

Promoting diabetic skin wound healing

[54]

lncRNA HOTAIR

lncRNA HOTAIR-modified BMSC-exos

Overexpression

Enhanced fibroblasts proliferation and migration

A new target toward diabetic wound repair

[55]

agomiR-125b

hUC-MSC-exos

Overexpression

Alleviated hypoxia-induced cell apoptosis mediated by exosomal miR-125b/TP53INP1

A powerful strategy for promoting skin injury

[59]

miR-135b-5p, miR-499a-3p

455-nm blue light exposure hUC-MSC-exos

Up-regulation

Increased angiogenic ability via stimulating ECs

A potent tool for tissue repair and regeneration

[60]

miR-150-5p

miR-150-5p-modified hUC-MSC-exos

Overexpression

Promoted proliferation and migration of HaCaT cells via activating PI3K/AKT pathway through PTEN

A novel strategy to improve tissue wound healing

[62]

miR-21-5p, miR-125b-5p

miR-21-5p-modified hUCB-MSC-exos, miR-125b-5p-modified hUCB-MSC-exos

Overexpression

Inhibited myofibroblast differentiation via the TGF-β signaling pathway

A strategy to prevent scar formation during wound healing process

[63]

Wnt11

DIM-induced hUC-MSC-exos

Overexpression

Increased collagen I/III expression via Wnt11/β-catenin autocrine signaling activation

For healing of deep second-degree burn injury

[64]

miR-762

iPSC-KC-exos

Up-regulation

Targeted ITGB1 to modulate EC and KC migration

For deep second-degree burns

[70]

agomiR-425-5p, agomiR-142-3p

EPSC-exos

Overexpression

Inhibited myofibroblasts differentiation via TGF-β1 inhibition

Reducing scar in wound healing process

[73]

DMBT1

USC-exos

Up-regulation

Promoted angiogenic effect

Promoting diabetic wound healing

[76]

miR-135a

miR-135a-modified hAMSC-exos

Overexpression

Suppressed LATS2 levels to increase fibroblast migration

A superior candidate for cutaneous wound regeneration

[83]

let-7-5p, miR-21-5p, miR-22-3p, miR-27a-3p, miR-23a-3p

hAFSC-exos

Up-regulation

Suppressed myofibroblast differentiation via inhibiting TGF-β

Hair follicle regeneration and anti-scarring treatment

[84]

miR-146a-5p

hAFSC-exos

Up-regulation

Promoted ECM remodeling by down-regulating CXCR4 and SDF1

Promoting anti-scarring healing

[85]

miR-200a

hESC-exos

Up-regulation

Down-regulated Keap1 to activate Nrf2 expression to rejuvenate senescent ECs

For pressure ulcer healing

[87]