Table 1 Characterization of the different types of multipotent fetal stem cells

Amniotic fluid

AFSCs

“Embryonal”,

mesenchymal

c-Kit (CD117), Oct4, c-Myc,

Rex1, SSEA4, SDF1-receptor, CXCR4, CD29, CD44, CD73, CD90, CD105, CD146, CD166, CD184

Klf4, Nanog, ALP, Sox2,

SSEA1, SSEA3, Tra-1–60,

Tra-1-81, CD34, CD80, CD86, CD133

MHC I + 

MHC II-

Ecto-, Meso-,

Endoderm

No

IL-6, IL-8, VEGF, Tβ4,

SDF-1, MCP-1, IGF-I,

IGF-II

[16, 17, 82, 93,94,95, 183, 184]

AF-MSCs

Mesenchymal

CD29, CD44, CD73, CD90, CD105

c-Kit (CD117), CD31, CD34, CD45

MHC I + 

MHC II-

Ecto- and

Mesoderm

Not

tested

IL-8, VEGF, EGF, TGFβ,

TNFR1

[49, 50, 96, 185]

Amniotic membrane

AM-MSCs

Mesenchymal

Oct4, GATA4, Klf4, Nanog, Sox7, Sox17, FOXC1, TBX6, SSEA3, SSEA4, CD10, CD13, CD24, CD29, CD44, CD49e, CD54, CD73, CD90, CD105, CD166

c-Kit (CD117), Rex1, Tra-1-60, Tra-1-81, CD14, CD19, CD31, CD34, CD45

MHC I ± 

 MHC II-

Ecto-, Meso-,

Endoderm

Not

tested

IL-6, IL-8, PDGF, VEGF,

TGFβ, TGFβ2, IGF-1, HGF, G-CSF, GM-CSF, TIMP1, TIMP2, bFGF, TNFα, MIP1α, MIP1β, Ang-1, RANTES, PGE2, VCAM-1, Oncostatin M, Angiogenin

[51,52,53, 56, 187,188,189,190186]

AECs

Epithelial

Oct4, Rex1, Nanog,

GATA4, Cripto, SSEA3,

SSEA4, Sox2, Tra-1-60,

Tra-1-81, CD9, CD10,

CD13, CD24, CD29, CD44,

CD49e, CD73, CD90,

CD105, CD166

c-Kit (CD117) (no/very low

expression), SSEA1, CD14,

CD31, CD34, CD45,

CD49d, CD79, CD133

MHC I + 

MHC II ± 

Ecto-, Meso-,

Endoderm

No

IL-6, IL-8, IL-1ra, VEGF,

TGFβ, TGFβ2, TIMP1,

TIMP2, PGE2, TNFα, MIF,

GM-CSF, G-CSF, PDGF,

bFGF, MIP1α, MIP1β, RANTES, Oncostatin M,

Angiogenin

[53, 67,68,69,70, 186,187,188,189, 191]

Chorion laeve

CL-MSCs

Mesenchymal

Oct4, Rex1, Nanog, GATA2, Sox7, Sox17, FOXC1, TBX6,

SSEA3, SSEA4, Tra-1-60,

Tra-1-81, CD13, CD19, CD29,

CD44, CD54, CD73, CD90,

CD105, CD166

c-Kit (CD117), CD3, CD14, CD19, CD31,

CD34, CD45

MHC I + 

MHC II-

Ecto-, Meso-,

Endoderm

Not

tested

IGF-1, VEGF, TGF,

HGF, bFGF, Ang-1;

shown for human

amnion/chorion membrane:

PDGF-AA, TGFβ1, bFGF

[54,55,56, 98,99,100, 189, 192,193,194,195,196,197]

Wharton´s jelly

WJ-MSCs

Mesenchymal

Oct4, Klf4, Nanog, Sox2,

SSEA3, SSEA4, c-Myc, GFAP,

MBP, MAP-2, nestin, CD10,

CD13, CD29, CD44, CD73,

CD90, CD105, CD146,

CD166

CD11, CD14, CD19, CD31,

CD34, CD38, CD40, CD45,

CD80, CD86, CD106,

CD133

MHC I + 

MHC II-

Ecto-, Meso-,

Endoderm

Not

tested

IL-1α, IL-6, IL8, IL-17,

IGFBPs, ICAM-1, VCAM-1,

HGF, SCF, MCP-1, Serpins,

CXCL5, Ang-1, Endostatin,

aFGF, LAP, MMP-9, IGF-1,

VEGF, TGFβ1, NRG1-B1,

Persephin, Prolactin, PGE2,

Angiogenin, Platelet factor 4

[58, 59, 97, 101,102,103, 136, 198,199,200,201,202,203,204,205]

Umbilical cord blood

UCB-MSCs

Mesenchymal

CD13, CD29, CD44, CD51,

CD58, CD71, CD73, CD90,

CD105, CD146, CD166

c-Kit (CD117), CD14,

CD19, CD31, CD33, CD34,

CD45, CD51, CD64, CD106,

CD133, CD135

MHC I + 

MHC II + 

Mesoderm

Not

tested

IL-6, IL-8, G-CSF, CXCL1,

PAI-1, MIF, MCP-1

[57, 104, 105, 206,207,208]

UCB-HSCs

Hematopoietic

c-Kit (CD117), CD34,

CD45, CD71, CD90, CD95,

CD133, CD135

CD2, CD3, CD4, CD5,

CD7, CD8, CD10, CD14,

CD15, CD16, CD19, CD20,

CD24, CD33, CD38, CD41,

CD56, CD66b, CD71

MHC I + 

MHC II + 

Myeloid and

lymphoid

Not

tested

[37, 64,65,66]

Placenta

CP-MSCs

Mesenchymal

CD13, CD44, CD54, CD56,

CD71, CD73, CD90, CD95,

CD105, CD106, CD166

CD14, CD19, CD31, CD33,

CD34, CD45, CD51

MHC I + 

MHC II-

Meso- and

Endoderm

Not

tested

Ang-1, HGF, IGF-1,

TGF-β1, VCAM-1, PGE2

[45, 46, 48, 97, 106, 209]

CV-MSCs

Mesenchymal

c-Kit (CD117); Oct 4/Nanog

(1^st trimester), Sox2, SSEA4,

CXCR4, CD11a, CD13, CD29,

CD44, CD49b,d,e,f, CD51,

CD73, CD90, CD105, CD106,

CD166

Oct4/Nanog (at term), CD14,

CD19, CD34, CD45, CD56,

CD80, CD83, CD86

MHC I + 

MHC II-

Ecto-, Meso-,

Endoderm

Not

tested

IL-1α + β, IL-8, HGF,

PDGF-BB, GM-CSF,

G-CSF, CXCL1, Ang-2,

MCP-3, TARC, RANTES,

OPG, μPAR, CTACK

[43, 44, 47, 107, 133, 135, 210,211,212,213,214]