Fig. 4

Pre- and post- nebulisation MSC-EV effects in in vitro lung cell injury models. BM- (A) and UC- (B) EVs were used directly or after nebulisation in a BEAS2B lung epithelial cell LPS injury model and viability assessed by MTT assay. IL-8 (C + D) and IL-1β (E + F) levels were quantified by ELISA in the same model with the same respective tissue sources of EVs. BM- (G) and UC- (H) EVs were applied to a zymosan-based macrophage phagocytosis assay and activity quantified by fluorescent microscopy. Finally, pre- and post-nebulisation BM- (I) and UC- (J) EVs were added to a lung epithelial cell scratch wound restitution model and remaining would size quantified intermittently by microscopy and image analysis.. Control N = 3–6, BM-EV N = 3–6, Neb BM-EVs N = 3–6, UC-EVs N = 3–6, Neb UC-EVs N = 3–6. † p < 0.05 wrt sham. *p < 0.05, **p0.01, ***p < 0.005, ****p < 0.001 wrt injury with vehicle. ns = no significant difference between IV and Neb delivery