Table 1 Histone methylation and related modifiers regulate the fate of BM-MSC

Methylases

ASH1L

H3K4me3

Osx, Runx2, Hoxa10, Sox9, Creb

Promotes osteogenesis and chondrogenesis, while inhibiting adipogenesis

Not evaluated

[70]

EZH2 (KMT6A)

H3K27me3

Osteoblastic genes (RUNX2, TCF7, BGLAP, Wnt, Bmp2), senescence-associated genes (p14^Arf, p16^Ink4a, p21^Cip1), antioxidant Foxo1

Inhibits osteogenesis, while promoting adipogenesis, restraining senescence, accumulating oxidative damage

Inconsistent conclusion

[14, 15, 19, 28, 47, 50, 61]

NSD1 (SETD2, SET2, KMT3A)

H3K36me3

Lbp

Promotes osteogenesis while inhibiting adipogenesis

Promotes bone mass increase

[29]

NSD2 (MMSET)

H3K36me2

H3K27me3

Runx2, Bglap

Promotes osteogenesis while inhibiting senescence

Not evaluated

[21]

SETD7 (SET7, SET9, SET7/9, KMT7)

H3K4me3

Not evaluated

Promotes osteogenesis

Not evaluated

[72]

PRMT3

H4R3me2a

miR-3648

Promotes osteogenesis

Promotes bone regeneration and bone mass increase

[103]

PRMT4 (CARM1)

H3R17me2

OCT4, SOX2, NANOG, DDR2

Promotes pluripotency while inhibiting senescence

Not evaluated

[104, 105]

Demethylases

LSD1 (KDM1A)

H3K9me2

Pparγ2

Promotes adipogenesis

Not evaluated

[64]

LSD1

H3K4me2

Runx2, Bglap, Wnt7b, Bmp2

Inhibits osteogenesis

Promotes bone loss

[73, 74]

KDM3A (JMJD1A, JHDM2A)

H3K9me2

H3K9me3

Ncapd2, Ncapg2

Inhibits DNA damage and senescence

Inhibits bone loss

[68]

KDM4A (JMJD2A, JHDM3A, JMJD2)

H3K9me3

Runx2, Osx, Bglap

Promotes osteogenesis

Not evaluated

[66]

KDM4A

H3K9me3

Sfrp4, C/ebpα

Promotes adipogenesis while inhibiting canonical Wnt signaling

Not evaluated

[65]

KDM4B (JMJD2B, JHDM3B)

H3K9me3

Runx2, Dlx5, Ccnd1, Hif1α, Mef2a

Promotes osteogenesis while inhibiting adipogenesis

Inhibits age-related bone loss

[18, 54]

KDM4C (GASC1, JMJD2C, JHDM3C)

H3K9me2

H3K9me3

Ncapd2, Ncapg2

Inhibits DNA damage and senescence

Inhibits bone loss

[68]

KDM5A (JARID1A, RBP2)

H3K4me3

Runx2

Inhibits osteogenesis

Promotes bone loss

[75]

KDM5B (JARID1B, PLU1)

H3K4me3

Runx2

Inhibits osteogenesis

Not evaluated

[76]

KDM6A (UTX)

H3K27me3

RUNX2, BGLAP

Promotes osteogenesis

Not evaluated

[47, 52]

KDM6B (JMJD3)

H3K27me3

Bmp2, Bmp4, Hoxc6-1, Runx2

Promotes osteogenesis while inhibiting adipogenesis

Not evaluated

[54, 55]

KDM7A (KIA1718, JHDM1D)

H3K9me2

H3K27me2

C/ebpα

Sfrp1

Promotes adipogenesis while inhibiting osteogenesis

Not evaluated

[58]

Other regulators

BMI1

H2Aub

H3K27me3

p14^Arf, p16^Ink4a, Pax3

Promotes hematopoiesis while inhibiting adipogenesis and senescence

Inhibits bone marrow adiposity

[62]

α-KG

H3K9me3

H3K27me3

Bmp2, Bmp4, Nanog

Promotes proliferation, migration and osteogenesis

Inhibits age-related bone loss and promotes bone defect healing

[20]

NO66

H3K4me3

H3K36me3

Not evaluated

Inhibits osteogenesis

Inhibits endochondral and intramembranous bone formation

[81]