Fig. 4

Effect of MSC-derived exosomes in an in vitro POI model on damaged human granulosa cells (HGrC1). The therapeutic effect in HGrC1 cells was compared between untreated control (control), MSC conditioned media treatment (MSC CM), and MSC-derived exosome treatment (exosomes). A Morphology of HGrC1 cells in the control, MSC CM, and exosome groups after 24 h and 48 h of treatment. B Average number of HGrC1 cells after MSC CM and exosome treatment. C, D Steroid gene expression levels (C: Cyp19, D: StAR) in HGrC1 cells after 24 h of treatment with MSC CM and exosomes. E–K Protein expression levels of the apoptosis marker caspase-3 (E–G) and steroidogenesis markers (I–K) in western blot analysis. Data are presented as the mean ± SD. (n = 3, significance level, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.005, ***p < 0.0005, ****p < 0.0001; NS: Not significant.)