Fig. 5.

10 Hz burst pacing induced rotor formation with varying levels of complexity. 6-well atrial monolayers were paced at 10 Hz for 30 s to induce reentrant arrhythmic activity. A Optical maps of calcium transients were converted into phase maps utilizing a frame normalization process in MATLAB™. Individual frames of converted phase maps are sequentially displayed, with phase singularities identified, for a dual phase singularity recording and a complex multi-phase singularity recording, respectively, in (B) and (C)