Fig. 3
From: Mechanisms and therapeutic prospects of mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomes for tendinopathy
Proliferation and migration of tenocytes can be promoted by exosomes in a dose-dependent manner via PI3K/AKT and MAPK/ERK1/2 signaling pathways. Exosomes also decrease the apoptosis of tenocytes. MMP and TIMP released by exosomes are the most important factors in aiding the healing process. TSCs-exos reduce MMP-3 and MMP-9 expression while increasing expression of metalloproteinase inhibitors (TIMP-1, TIMP-3) and improve tendons' mechanical properties. (Note: This figure was created by the authors and there is no confliction of copyright.)