Fig. 5

Cardiac gene regulatory programs of TFs, miRNAs and lncRNAs in fetal embryo-developed atrial and ventricular CMs. A and B comparison of heart target genes generated from in vivo atrial and ventricular CMs with in vitro hPSC-CM data during the early (A) and late stages (B). The listed differentially expressed gene targets show the conserved regulatory programs between both in vivo and in vitro and the association with heart development and disease. Underlined TFs, miRNAs and lncRNAs indicate consistency of the target genes up- or down-regulated by these common factors between the in vivo atrial or ventricular CMs and hPSC-CMs. Among heart disease, HF = heart failure, arr = arrhythmia and cmp = cardiomyopathy. The boxes in red and green indicate up- and down-regulated target genes, respectively. C A proposed model of dynamic development of in vitro hPSC-CMs and in vivo embryo-CMs. Rectangle boxes show the associated biological processes and pathways of the target genes. Those in red indicate processes and pathways whose targets are up-regulated ↑, those in green are down-regulated ↓, and those in gray are both up- and down-regulated genes