Table 2 Included publications

[18]

Aach J, Lunshof J, Iyer E, Church GM. Addressing the ethical issues raised by synthetic human entities with embryo-like features. eLife. 2017;6:e20674

[19]

Aach J, Lunshof J, Iyer E, Church GM. Correction: Addressing the ethical issues raised by synthetic human entities with embryo-like features eLife. 2017;6:e27642

[21]

Ankeny RA, Munsie MJ, Leach J. Developing a Reflexive, Anticipatory, and Deliberative Approach to Unanticipated Discoveries: Ethical Lessons from iBlastoids. Am J Bioeth AJOB. 2022 Jan;22(1):36–45

[56]

Barnhart AJ, Dierickx K. A RAD Approach to iBlastoids with a Moral Principle of Complexity. Am J Bioeth AJOB. 2022 Jan;22(1):54–6

[38]

Bartfeld S. Realizing the potential of organoids-an interview with Hans Clevers. J Mol Med Berl Ger. 2021 Apr;99(4):443–7

[40]

Boers SN, van Delden JJM, Bredenoord AL. Organoids as hybrids: ethical implications for the exchange of human tissues. J Med Ethics. 2019 Feb;45(2):131–9

[22]

Brivanlou AH, Rivron N, Gleicher N. How will our understanding of human development evolve over the next 10 years. Nat Commun. 2021 Jul 29;12(1):4614

[53]

Chan S. How and Why to Replace the 14-Day Rule. Curr Stem Cell Rep. 2018 Sep 1;4(3):228–34

[47]

Clark AT, Brivanlou A, Fu J, Kato K, Mathews D, Niakan KK, et al. Human embryo research, stem cell-derived embryo models and in vitro gametogenesis: Considerations leading to the revised ISSCR guidelines. Stem Cell Rep. 2021 Jun;16(6):1416–24

[44]

Daly T. Synthetic Human Entities with Embryo-like Features (SHEEFS) and the Incarnation. Ethics Medics. 2019;35(2):93–105

[49]

Denker HW. Autonomy in the Development of Stem Cell-Derived Embryoids: Sprouting Blastocyst-Like Cysts, and Ethical Implications. Cells. 2021 Jun 10;10(6)

[54]

Denker HW. Self-Organization of Stem Cell Colonies and of Early Mammalian Embryos: Recent Experiments Shed New Light on the Role of Autonomy vs. External Instructions in Basic Body Plan Development. Cells. 2016 Oct 25;5(4)

[63]

Denker HW. Human embryonic stem cells: the real challenge for research as well as for bioethics is still ahead of us. Cells Tissues Organs. 2008;187(4):250–6

[50]

Denker HW. Stem Cell Terminology and ‘Synthetic’ Embryos: A New Debate on Totipotency, Omnipotency, and Pluripotency and How It Relates to Recent Experimental Data. Cells Tissues Organs. 2014;199(4):221–7

[23]

Haase K, Freedman BS. Once upon a dish: engineering multicellular systems. Dev Camb Engl. 2020 May 4;147(9)

[24]

Haniffa M, Taylor D, Linnarsson S, Aronow BJ, Bader GD, Barker RA, et al. A roadmap for the Human Developmental Cell Atlas. Nature. 2021 Sep;597(7875):196–205

[67]

Hengstschläger M, Rosner M. Embryoid research calls for reassessment of legal regulations. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2021 Jun 19;12(1):356

[57]

Hurlbut JB, Hyun I, Levine AD, Lovell-Badge R, Lunshof JE, Matthews KRW, et al. Revisiting the Warnock rule. Nat Biotechnol. 2017 Nov;35(11):1029–42

[58]

Hyun I. Engineering Ethics and Self-Organizing Models of Human Development: Opportunities and Challenges. Cell Stem Cell. 2017 Dec 7;21(6):718–20

[60]

Hyun I, Munsie M, Pera MF, Rivron NC, Rossant J. Toward Guidelines for Research on Human Embryo Models Formed from Stem Cells. Stem Cell Rep. 2020;14(2):169–74

[70]

Kaebnick GE. Toward Public Bioethics? Hastings Cent Rep. 2017 May;47(3):2

[25]

Kagawa H, Javali A, Khoei HH, Sommer TM, Sestini G, Novatchkova M, et al. Human blastoids model blastocyst development and implantation. Nature. 2021 Dec 2;601:600–605

[66]

Lopes M, Truog R. The Emergence of Embryo Models in Research: Ethical Considerations. Harvard Health Policy Review. 2018; April 27

[69]

Lovell-Badge R, Anthony E, Barker RA, Bubela T, Brivanlou AH, Carpenter M, et al. ISSCR Guidelines for Stem Cell Research and Clinical Translation: The 2021 update. Stem Cell Rep. 2021 Jun 8;16(6):1398–408

[39]

Lysaght T. Anticipatory Governance and Foresight in Regulating for Uncertainty. Am J Bioeth. 2022 Jan 2;22(1):51–3

[26]

Mantziou V, Baillie-Benson P, Jaklin M, Kustermann S, Arias AM, Moris N. In vitro teratogenicity testing using a 3D, embryo-like gastruloid system. Reprod Toxicol Elmsford N. 2021 Oct;105:72–90

[55]

Matthews KRW, Iltis AS, de Melo-Martin I, Robert JS, Wagner DS. Moving the Line? Findings and Recommendations for Human Embryo Research.:13

[27]

Matthews KRW, Iltis AS, Marquez NG, Wagner DS, Robert JS, Melo-Martín I de, et al. Rethinking Human Embryo Research Policies. Hastings Cent Rep. 2021 Jan 1;51(1):47–51

[28]

Matthews KR, Moralí D. National human embryo and embryoid research policies: a survey of 22 top research-intensive countries. Regen Med. 2020 Jul;15(7):1905–17

[68]

Matthews KRW, Robert JS, Iltis AS, de Melo-Martin I, Wagner DS. Cell-Culture Models of Early Human Development: Science, Ethics, and Policy. 2019. Rice University Baker Institute for Public Policy

[9]

Matthews KRW, Wagner DS, Warmflash A. Stem cell-based models of embryos: The need for improved naming conventions. Stem Cell Rep. 2021;16(5):1014–20

[48]

Monasterio Astobiza A, Molina Pérez A. Why iBlastoids (Embryo-like Structures) Do Not Rise Significant Ethical Issues. Am J Bioeth AJOB. 2022 Jan;22(1):59–61

[59]

Mummery C, Anthony E. New guidelines for embryo and stem cell research. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2021 Dec;22(12):773–4

[43]

Munsie M, Gyngell C. Ethical issues in genetic modification and why application matters. Curr Opin Genet Dev. 2018 Oct;52:7–12

[51]

Munsie M, Hyun I, Sugarman J. Ethical issues in human organoid and gastruloid research. Dev Camb Engl. 2017 Mar 15;144(6):942–5

[41]

Nicolas P, Etoc F, Brivanlou AH. The ethics of human-embryoids model: a call for consistency. J Mol Med. 2021 Apr 1;99(4):569–79

[46]

Pera M. Embryogenesis in a dish. Science. 2017;356(6334):137–8

[45]

Pera MF, de Wert G, Dondorp W, Lovell-Badge R, Mummery CL, Munsie M, et al. What if stem cells turn into embryos in a dish? Nat Methods. 2015;12(10):917–9

[62]

Pereira Daoud AM, Popovic M, Dondorp WJ, Trani Bustos M, Bredenoord AL, Chuva de Sousa Lopes SM, et al. Modelling human embryogenesis: embryo-like structures spark ethical and policy debate. Hum Reprod Update. 2020 Nov 1;26(6):779–98

[64]

Piotrowska M. Research guidelines for embryoids. J Med Ethics. 2021;47:e67

[61]

Piotrowska M. Avoiding the potentiality trap: thinking about the moral status of synthetic embryos. Monash Bioeth Rev. 202,038(2):166–80

[65]

Pullicino P, Richard EJ, Burke WJ. Mass Production of Human “Embryoid” Cells from Developmentally Frozen Embryos: Is It Ethical? Linacre Q. 2020;87(3):347–50

[52]

Rao H. How to Conduct Ethical Research on SHEEFs: Biological Background, the Classification, and Recommendations for Guideline Development on These New Synthetic Embryos. 2019. ProQuest. Wake Forest University

[37]

Regalado A. Meet the “artificial embryos” being called uncanny and spectacular. MIT Tech Rev. 2019

[29]

Rosner M, Reithofer M, Fink D, Hengstschläger M. Human Embryo Models and Drug Discovery. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(2)

[30]

Rossant J. Gene editing in human development: ethical concerns and practical applications. Dev Camb Engl. 2018;145(16)

[31]

Shao Y, Fu J. Synthetic human embryology: towards a quantitative future. Curr Opin Genet Dev. 2020;63:30–5

[71]

Kaebnick GE. Toward Public Bioethics? Hastings Cent Rep. 2017;47(3):2

[72]

Subbaraman N. Research on embryo-like structures struggles to win US government funding. Nature. 2020;577(7791):459–60

[32]

Tomoda K, Hu H, Sahara Y, Sanyal H, Takasato M, Kime C. Reprogramming epiblast stem cells into pre-implantation blastocyst cell-like cells. Stem Cell Rep. 2021;16(5):1197–209

[42]

Tomoda K, Kime C. Synthetic embryology: Early mammalian embryo modeling systems from cell cultures. Dev Growth Differ. 2021;63(2):116–26

[33]

van den Brink SC, van Oudenaarden A. 3D gastruloids: a novel frontier in stem cell-based in vitro modeling of mammalian gastrulation. Trends Cell Biol. 2021;31(9):747–59

[34]

Weatherbee BAT, Cui T, Zernicka-Goetz M. Modeling human embryo development with embryonic and extra-embryonic stem cells. Dev Biol. 2021;474:91–9

[73]

Wei Y, Zhang C, Fan G, Meng L. Organoids as Novel Models for Embryo Implantation Study. Reprod Sci. 2021;28(6):1637–43

[35]

Wilger K. Gaps in Embryo Model Ethics. Ethics Medics. 2020;45(10):1–4

[36]

Williams K, Johnson MH. Adapting the 14-day rule for embryo research to encompass evolving technologies. Reprod Biomed Soc Online. 2020;10:1–9