Fig. 2
From: The characteristics and medical applications of antler stem cells
Schematic diagram of the origin of antler periosteum and ASCs. A The presumptive antler growth area (arrow) before the occurrence of the first antler; B Antlerogenic periosteum (arrow), where the APCs are the source of the antler pedicle and the first antler; C Antler pedicle (P) and a nascent antler bud (A); D Pedicle periosteum (arrow) (where the PPCs are the source of antler regeneration); E The antler growth center is located at the tip of the antler (ellipse); F The apical perichondrium (arrow) at the distal end of the antler, where the antler growth center and RMCs are located, is associated with rapid antler growth; Reproduced with permission from [45] ©2021 Chunyi Li et al. G Pedicle stump (arrow) formed after spring antler casting; H Newly formed growth centers on the stump of the vertebral arch (indicated by stars). Reproduced with permission from [27] © 2014 Elsevier Ltd