Table 1 Application and therapeutic results of antler stem cells
From: The characteristics and medical applications of antler stem cells
Model/disease | ASCs or ASCs-derived | Experiment type | Administration route | Mechanisms | Results | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wound healing | ASCs extract | Human | Wound dressing | Unknown | The wound healing parameters of the ASCs extract treatment group were significantly better than those of the control group | [77] |
ASCs | In vivo (in rats) | Injected through the tail vein | Inflammatory cytokine IL-1rap and collagen synthesis-related TGF-b1 gene were significantly reduced | Compared with rB-MSCs and hU-MSCs, AnSC-treated rats exhibited shorter recovery time, faster healing, more regenerated skin appendages, higher quality of healing and negligible scarring | [58] | |
ASC-CM | In vivo (in rats) | Topical application to wounds after CM mixed with hydrogel | Promotes the transformation of fibroblasts in the dermis to the corresponding fetal-like phenotype via paracrine action | ASC-CM treatment significantly shortens wound healing time in rats | [76] | |
ASC-CM | In vitro | Not applicable | Activation of Wnt signaling pathway | Activation of Wnt signaling pathway and induction of skin regeneration-related gene expression | [82] | |
Corneal injury | Ointment or ASC containing ASC | In vivo (rabbits) | Apply an ointment containing stem cells to the lesion or inject stem cells into the surface of the cornea | Unknown | Has a positive effect on corneal healing and reduces or prevents side effects | [80] |
ASCs homogenate | In vivo (rabbits) | Eye Drops | Promotion of corneal re-epithelialization in rabbits after burns | The lesion area is smaller and the corneal clarity is significantly improved | [81] | |
Bone regeneration | ASCs | In vivo (rabbits) | Local filling of the lesion | Unknown | Hyaloid cartilage lesions in rabbits are replaced by fibrocartilage | |
ASCs homogenates and supernatants | In vivo (rabbits) | Local filling of the lesion | Unknown | ASCs, cell homogenates, and cultured cell supernatants have the potential to regenerate jaw defects | [46] | |
ASC-CM | In vivo (rats) | Topical application of ASC-CM soaked collagen film | Up-regulation of osteogenic factor, down-regulation of osteoclastic factor, and regulation of macrophage polarization | AnSC-CM can effectively induce alveolar bone tissue regeneration | ||
Osteoarthritis treatment | ASCs-derived exosomes | In vivo (rats) | Intra-articular drug delivery | Reduced expression levels of aging-related genes | Attenuates senescent cell-related inflammatory responses in osteoarthritis and promotes regeneration of bone and cartilage | [69] |
Liver fibrosis | ASCs | In vivo (rats) | Injected through the tail vein | Reduced expression of the profibrotic factors TGF-β and α-SMA | Inhibit the activation of hepatic stellate cells and ultimately treat liver fibrosis | [96] |
Hair regeneration | ASCs | In vivo (rats) | Intradermal injection | Activation of growth factors FGF-2, KGF, VEGF-A and VEGF-C110 accelerates hair growth in rabbits | The number of hair follicles and the number of secondary hairs in the follicles increased in the treated group | [99] |
ASC-CM | In vitro | Not applicable | Activation of Wnt signaling pathway | Secretory vesicles in ASCs-CM promote hair regeneration through paracrine action | [82] | |
Postoperative cognitive impairment | ASCs-derived exosomes | In vivo (rats) | Intraperitoneal injection | Inhibit TLR2/TLR4 signaling pathway | Exosomes reduce brain injury, inflammation, oxidative stress, and neuronal apoptosis associated with postoperative cognitive impairment in rats | [101] |